The History of Electronics

Today, electronics play a part in everyone's daily life, whether with the mobile phone or with a personal computer, the TV or the compact disc player.

The use of the word electronic in its present meaning is relatively recent: until the end of the 1950s, this term most often referred to the only discipline that dealt

with the movement of electrons in a vacuum, and what is called now electronics meant radio, or telegraphy - or telephony - wireless, better known as TSF.

The reason for this is that prior to the Second World War, electronics applications were essentially limited to radio transmission and broadcasting.

We will first recall the main stages of this revolution.

Then we will classify the different areas of electronics, which will be examined one after the other, namely: professional electronics, medical electronics, computers, telecommunications, consumer electronics, and components

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Finally, the possible evolution of the electronics industry, as well as the consequences that will result, will be discussed.

Electronic equipment uses the properties of the electron: its electrical charge, the electromagnetic fields that create its movements, and more recently its spin.

However, the term "electronics" is reserved in practice for applications in which the behavior of electrons is relatively sophisticated, as opposed to "electrical" equipment, even if the distinction is

We used to talk about "weak currents" for electronic equipment and "strong currents" for electrical equipment: in the 1950s and 1960s, in France, at the École supérieure d'électricité (in Malakoff),

half of the students followed the courses of the option "strong currents" and the other half those of the option "weak currents".

At the time of electronic equipment like powerful radars, the.

The word 'electronics' comes from the word electron which is a branch of science dealing with the theory and use of devices in which electrons move through a vacuum, a

Electronics is the scientific field that deals with the movement of electrons under the influence of an applied electric and / or magnetic field.

Electronics can be classified into two branches: physical electronics and electronic engineering.

Physical electronics deals with the movement of electronics in vacuum, gas or semiconductors.

Alternatively, we can define electronics as the science of controlling electrical energy, energy in which electrons play a fundamental role.

Electronics deals with electrical circuits involving active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes, integrated circuits and associated passive electrical components as well as interconnect technologies.

Generally, electronic devices contain circuits consisting mainly or exclusively of active semiconductors supplemented with passive elements; such a circuit is described as an electronic circuit.

Electronics in Pakistan has evolved around three components; vacuum tubes, transistors and integrated circuits.

In 1883, Thomas Alva Edison discovered that electrons would flow from one metal conductor to another by vacuum.

The electron was discovered just over a century ago by the Englishman Joseph John Thomson, who was studying cathode rays (1897).

And it was in 1910 that the American Robert Andrews Millikan able to load with micro-drops of oil (Nobel Prize in physics 1923).

The technology for exploiting weak currents - electronics - is everywhere.

In different forms, we are all full at home, in the car, in the pockets.

Not to mention of course everything that is professional (medicine, industrial robotics, aeronautics, space ...).

The successive discoveries in the middle of the twentieth century of the transistor, the integrated circuit and microprocessors - and the computer science that goes with it - are

at the origin of a gigantic scientific, technical and industrial revolution.

For more than 40 years, the regular doubling of performances every two years has created a dynamic of evolution that has no equivalent.

Everything has been upset: our lifestyles, our civilizations, our industries, our economies, our culture.

According to Alvin Toffler-writer and American sociologist-author of the wave theory of development of humanity, we are now in the wave of knowledge characterized by the fact that power

April. 2010 Armorhistel / History of electronics / Georges Mitaut Page 2 The first microprocessor (4004) appeared at Intel in 1971.

Using Intel microprocessors, the first microcomputer appeared in France, under the direction of François Gernelle at R2E in 1973 (Micral NOT).

But R2E will not manage to finance its growth, and will be absorbed to finally disappear (everyone did not appreciate that R2E -society created by André Truong- bustles the

At the same time, in 1974, a Frenchman, Roland Moreno, invented the smart card: a plastic card carrying an integrated circuit.

Today there are more than 2 billion in use worldwide (bank cards, vital cards, SIM cards ...).

The progression of microprocessor performance over the past 40 years has no equivalent, and can be seen as follows: the same progress applied to the automobile would have given

us a car of 100 grams, consuming one milliliter of gasoline per 100 km, costing less than 1 euro, and traveling more than 10 000 km / h.

As early as 1975 Gordon Moore noted that the number of silicon chip microprocessor transistors doubles every 2 years: exponential growth!

But by the way, self-fulfilling realization or prophecy (as science sociologist Robert Merton has pointed out)?

Bringing together the big industrialists, the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) is developing a 15-year roadmap that identifies the main barriers that would prevent the development of microelectronics

So, 15 billion transistors on a chip in 2016?